Cyclic Counterfactuals under Shift–Scale Interventions
acyclicity violationcausal inferencecausal reasoningcounterfactual inferencecyclic dependenciesdirected acyclic graphsfeedback loopsintervention analysismechanism rescalingmodel generalizationpolicy-style changesshift-scale interventionsstructural causal modelssystem dynamicsvariable mechanism
Most counterfactual inference frameworks traditionally assume acyclic structural causal models (SCMs), i.e. directed acyclic graphs (DAGs). However, many real-world systems (e.g. biological systems) contain feedback loops or cyclic dependencies that violate acyclicity. In this work, we study counterfactual inference in cyclic SCMs under shift–scale interventions, i.e., soft, policy-style changes that rescale and/or shift a variable’s mechanism.